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Trick-or-treating is a Halloween custom for children in many countries. Children in costumes travel from house to house asking for treats such as candy (or, in some cultures, money) with the phrase "Trick or treat". The "trick" is a (usually idle) threat to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given to them. It typically happens during the evening of October 31. Some homeowners signal that they are willing to hand out treats, for example by putting up Halloween decorations outside their door. Others might simply leave treats on their porch. In North America, trick-or-treating has been a Halloween tradition since the late 1920s. In Britain and Ireland, the tradition of going house-to-house collecting food at Halloween goes back at least as far as the 16th century, as had the tradition of people wearing costumes at Halloween. In 19th century Britain and Ireland, there are many accounts of people going house-to-house in costume at Halloween, reciting verses in exchange for food, and sometimes warning of misfortune if they were not welcomed. While going house-to-house in costume has remained popular among Scots and Irish, the custom of saying "trick or treat" has only recently become common. The activity is prevalent in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Puerto Rico, and northwestern and central Mexico. In the latter, this practice is called ''calaverita'' (Spanish for "little skull"), and instead of "trick or treat", the children ask ''¿me da mi calaverita?'' ("can you give me my little skull?"); where a calaverita is a small skull made of sugar or chocolate. ==History== ===Origin=== Since the Middle Ages there had been a tradition of mumming on a certain holiday. It involved going door-to-door in costume, performing short senes of a movie or part of plays in exchange for food or drink. The custom of trick-or-treating when it is Halloween may come from the belief that supernatural beings, or the souls of the dead, roamed the earth at this time and needed to be appeased. It may have originated in a Celtic festival, held on 31 October–1 November, to mark the beginning of winter. It was ''Samhain'' in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man, and ''Calan Gaeaf'' in Wales, Cornwall and Brittany. The festival is believed to have pre-Christian roots. In the 9th century, the Church made 1 November All Saints' Day. Among Celtic-speaking peoples, it was seen as a liminal time, when the spirits or fairies (the ''Aos Sí''), and the souls of the dead, came into our world and were appeased with offerings of food and drink. Similar beliefs and customs were found in other parts of Europe. It is suggested that trick-or-treating evolved from a tradition whereby people impersonated the spirits, or the souls of the dead, and received offerings on their behalf. S. V. Peddle suggests they "personify the old spirits of the winter, who demanded reward in exchange for good fortune".〔Peddle, S. V. (2007). ''Pagan Channel Islands: Europe's Hidden Heritage''. p.54〕 Impersonating these spirits or souls was also believed to protect oneself from them.〔''British Folk Customs'', Christina Hole (1976), p.91〕 At least as far back as the 15th century, among Christians, there had been a custom of sharing soul cakes at Allhallowtide.〔Hutton, pp.374–375〕 People would visit houses and take soul cakes, either as representatives of the dead, or in return for praying for their souls.〔Cleene, Marcel. ''Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe''. Man & Culture, 2002. p.108. Quote: "Soul cakes were small cakes baked as food for the deceased or offered for the salvation of their souls. They were therefore offered at funerals and feasts of the dead, laid on graves, or given to the poor as representatives of the dead. The baking of these soul cakes is a universal practice".〕 Later, people went "from parish to parish at Halloween, begging soul-cakes by singing under the windows some such verse as this: 'Soul, souls, for a soul-cake; Pray you good mistress, a soul-cake!'" They typically asked for "mercy on all Christian souls for a soul cake". It was known as 'Souling' and was recorded in parts of Britain, Flanders, southern Germany and Austria.〔Miles, Clement A. (1912). ''Christmas in Ritual and Tradition''. (Chapter 7: All Hallow Tide to Martinmas ).〕 Shakespeare mentions the practice in his comedy ''The Two Gentlemen of Verona'' (1593), when Speed accuses his master of "puling (or whining ) like a beggar at Hallowmas".〔''The Two Gentlemen of Verona''. Act 2, Scene 1.〕 The wearing of costumes, or "guising", at Hallowmas, had been recorded in Scotland in the 16th century〔McNeill, F. Marian. ''Hallowe'en: its origin, rites and ceremonies in the Scottish tradition''. Albyn Press, 1970. pp.29–31〕 and was later recorded in other parts of Britain and Ireland.〔Hutton, pp.379-383〕 There are many references to mumming, guising or souling at Halloween in Britain and Ireland during the late 18th century and the 19th century. In parts of southern Ireland, a man dressed as a ''Láir Bhán'' (white mare) led youths house-to-house reciting verses—some of which had pagan overtones—in exchange for food. If the household donated food it could expect good fortune from the 'Muck Olla'; not doing so would bring misfortune.〔''Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Volume 2''. 1855. pp.308-309〕 In Scotland, youths went house-to-house in white with masked, painted or blackened faces, reciting rhymes and often threatening to do mischief if they were not welcomed.〔〔Campbell, Oliver Frances (1900, 1902, 2005) ''The Gaelic Otherworld''. Edited by Ronald Black. Birlinn Ltd. ISBN 1-84158-207-7 pp.559-62〕 In parts of Wales, peasant men went house-to-house dressed as fearsome beings called ''gwrachod'', or presenting themselves as the ''cenhadon y meirw'' (representatives of the dead).〔 In western England, mostly in the counties bordering Wales, souling was common.〔 According to one 19th century English writer "parties of children, dressed up in fantastic costume () went round to the farm houses and cottages, signing a song, and begging for cakes (spoken of as "soal-cakes"), apples, money, or anything that the goodwives would give them".〔Publications, Volume 16 (English Dialect Society), Harvard University Press, page 507〕 Guising at Halloween in Scotland is recorded in 1895, where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit and money. The practice of Guising at Halloween in North America is first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in Kingston, Ontario reported children going "guising" around the neighborhood.〔Rogers, Nicholas. (2002) "Coming Over:Halloween in North America". ''Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night''. p.76. Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-514691-3〕 American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts wrote the first book length history of the holiday in the US; ''The Book of Hallowe'en'' (1919), and references souling in the chapter "Hallowe'en in America"; The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to study old traditions, and hold a Scotch party, using Burn's poem ''Hallowe'en'' as a guide; or to go a-souling as the English used. In short, no custom that was once honored at Hallowe'en is out of fashion now.〔Kelley, Ruth Edna Kelley. ''The Book of Hallowe'en'', Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Co., 1919, chapter 15, p.127. "(Hallowe'en in America )."〕 Kelley lived in Lynn, Massachusetts, a town with 4,500 Irish immigrants, 1,900 English immigrants, and 700 Scottish immigrants in 1920.〔U.S. Census, January 1, 1920, State of Massachusetts, City of Lynn.〕 In her book, Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic; "Americans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. All Hallowe'en customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries".〔(Kelley, Ruth Edna. ''Hallowe'en in America'' )〕 While the first reference to "guising" in North America occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in 1920.〔Wright, Theo. E., "A Halloween Story," ''St. Nicholas'', October 1915, p. 1144. Mae McGuire Telford, "What Shall We Do Halloween?" ''Ladies Home Journal'', October 1920, p. 135.〕 The earliest known use in print of the term "trick or treat" appears in 1927, from Blackie, Alberta: Hallowe’en provided an opportunity for real strenuous fun. No real damage was done except to the temper of some who had to hunt for wagon wheels, gates, wagons, barrels, etc., much of which decorated the front street. The youthful tormentors were at back door and front demanding edible plunder by the word “trick or treat” to which the inmates gladly responded and sent the robbers away rejoicing.〔"'Trick or Treat' Is Demand," ''Herald'' (Lethbridge, Alberta), November 4, 1927, p. 5, dateline Blackie, Alberta, Nov. 3.〕 The thousands of Halloween postcards produced between the start of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but do not depict trick-or-treating.〔For examples, see the websites (Postcard & Greeting Card Museum: Halloween Gallery ), (Antique Hallowe'en Postcards ), (Vintage Halloween Postcards ), and (Morticia's Morgue Antique Halloween Postcards ).〕 The editor of a collection of over 3,000 vintage Halloween postcards writes, "There are cards which mention the custom (trick-or-treating ) or show children in costumes at the doors, but as far as we can tell they were printed later than the 1920s and more than likely even the 1930s. Tricksters of various sorts are shown on the early postcards, but not the means of appeasing them".〔E-mail from Louise and Gary Carpentier, 29 May 2007, editors of ''(Halloween Postcards Catalog )'' (CD-ROM), G & L Postcards.〕 Trick-or-treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice until the 1930s, with the first U.S. appearances of the term in 1934,〔"Halloween Pranks Keep Police on Hop," ''Oregon Journal'' (Portland, Oregon), November 1, 1934:"Other young goblins and ghosts, employing modern shakedown methods, successfully worked the "trick or treat" system in all parts of the city", also "The Gangsters of Tomorrow", ''The Helena Independent'' (Helena, Montana), November 2, 1934, p. 4: Pretty Boy John Doe rang the door bells and his gang waited his signal. It was his plan to proceed cautiously at first and give a citizen every opportunity to comply with his demands before pulling any rough stuff. "Madam, we are here for the usual purpose, 'trick or treat.'" This is the old demand of the little people who go out to have some innocent fun. Many women have some apples, cookies or doughnuts for them, but they call rather early and the "treat" is given out gladly.The ''Chicago Tribune'' also mentioned door-to-door begging in Aurora, Illinois on Halloween in 1934, although not by the term "trick-or-treating." "Front Views and Profiles" (column), ''Chicago Tribune'', Nov. 3, 1934, p. 17.〕 and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939.〔Moss, Doris Hudson. "A Victim of the Window-Soaping Brigade?" ''The American Home'', November 1939, p. 48. Moss was a California-based writer.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Trick-or-treating」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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